The question
(a) A relation R is defined on Z, the set of integers, as
R = { ( x , y ) : ∣ x − y ∣ \{(x, y) : |x - y| {( x , y ) : ∣ x − y ∣ is divisible by a prime number ‘p’, x , y ∈ Z } x, y \in Z\} x , y ∈ Z }
check whether R is an equivalence relation or not.
OR
(b) A function f : R − { 3 5 } ⟶ R − { 3 5 } f : R - \left\{\dfrac35\right\} \longrightarrow R - \left\{\dfrac35\right\} f : R − { 5 3 } ⟶ R − { 5 3 } is defined as f ( x ) = 3 x + 2 5 x − 3 f(x) = \dfrac{3x + 2}{5x - 3} f ( x ) = 5 x − 3 3 x + 2 . Show that f is one-one and onto.
Exam answer Show all explanations
(a)
Here p p p is a fixed prime number.
Reflexive: Let x ∈ Z x \in Z x ∈ Z . Then ∣ x − x ∣ = 0 = 0 ⋅ p |x - x| = 0 = 0\cdot p ∣ x − x ∣ = 0 = 0 ⋅ p , which is divisible by p p p . So ( x , x ) ∈ R (x, x) \in R ( x , x ) ∈ R . Thus R is reflexive.
Why?
R is an equivalence relation when it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Each property is proved for arbitrary integers, not for examples.
An integer n n n is divisible by p p p when n = k p n = kp n = k p for some integer k k k . Watch out: 0 is divisible by every prime, since 0 = 0 ⋅ p 0 = 0\cdot p 0 = 0 ⋅ p .
Symmetric: Let ( x , y ) ∈ R (x, y) \in R ( x , y ) ∈ R . Then ∣ x − y ∣ |x - y| ∣ x − y ∣ is divisible by p p p . As ∣ y − x ∣ = ∣ x − y ∣ |y - x| = |x - y| ∣ y − x ∣ = ∣ x − y ∣ , ∣ y − x ∣ |y - x| ∣ y − x ∣ is divisible by p p p . So ( y , x ) ∈ R (y, x) \in R ( y , x ) ∈ R . Thus R is symmetric.
Why?
y − x = − ( x − y ) y - x = -(x - y) y − x = − ( x − y ) , and a number and its negative have the same modulus:
∣ y − x ∣ = ∣ − ( x − y ) ∣ = ∣ x − y ∣ |y - x| = |-(x - y)| = |x - y| ∣ y − x ∣ = ∣ − ( x − y ) ∣ = ∣ x − y ∣
Transitive: Let ( x , y ) ∈ R (x, y) \in R ( x , y ) ∈ R and ( y , z ) ∈ R (y, z) \in R ( y , z ) ∈ R . Then ∣ x − y ∣ |x - y| ∣ x − y ∣ and ∣ y − z ∣ |y - z| ∣ y − z ∣ are divisible by p p p , so x − y = m p x - y = mp x − y = m p and y − z = n p y - z = np y − z = n p for some integers m m m , n n n .
Why?
If ∣ x − y ∣ = k p |x - y| = kp ∣ x − y ∣ = k p , then x − y = k p x - y = kp x − y = k p or x − y = − k p x - y = -kp x − y = − k p . Either way x − y x - y x − y is an integer multiple of p p p , so we can drop the modulus and write x − y = m p x - y = mp x − y = m p with m m m an integer (possibly negative).
x − z = ( x − y ) + ( y − z ) = m p + n p = ( m + n ) p \begin{aligned} x - z &= (x - y) + (y - z) \\ &= mp + np = (m + n)p \end{aligned} x − z = ( x − y ) + ( y − z ) = m p + n p = ( m + n ) p
Why?
Adding the two differences makes y y y cancel, which links x x x to z z z directly.
So ∣ x − z ∣ = ∣ m + n ∣ p |x - z| = |m + n|\,p ∣ x − z ∣ = ∣ m + n ∣ p is divisible by p p p , and ( x , z ) ∈ R (x, z) \in R ( x , z ) ∈ R . Thus R is transitive.
Why?
m + n m + n m + n is an integer, so ∣ m + n ∣ |m + n| ∣ m + n ∣ is a whole number. And ∣ ( m + n ) p ∣ = ∣ m + n ∣ p |(m + n)p| = |m + n|\,p ∣ ( m + n ) p ∣ = ∣ m + n ∣ p because p > 0 p > 0 p > 0 .
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, R is an equivalence relation.
(b)
One-one: Let x 1 , x 2 ∈ R − { 3 5 } x_1, x_2 \in R - \left\{\frac35\right\} x 1 , x 2 ∈ R − { 5 3 } such that f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) f(x_1) = f(x_2) f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) .
Why?
To prove one-one, show that equal outputs can only come from equal inputs:
f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) ⇒ x 1 = x 2 f(x_1) = f(x_2) \Rightarrow x_1 = x_2 f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) ⇒ x 1 = x 2
3 x 1 + 2 5 x 1 − 3 = 3 x 2 + 2 5 x 2 − 3 ⇒ ( 3 x 1 + 2 ) ( 5 x 2 − 3 ) = ( 3 x 2 + 2 ) ( 5 x 1 − 3 ) ⇒ 15 x 1 x 2 − 9 x 1 + 10 x 2 − 6 = 15 x 1 x 2 − 9 x 2 + 10 x 1 − 6 ⇒ − 19 x 1 = − 19 x 2 ⇒ x 1 = x 2 \begin{aligned} &\frac{3x_1 + 2}{5x_1 - 3} = \frac{3x_2 + 2}{5x_2 - 3} \\ \Rightarrow\ &(3x_1 + 2)(5x_2 - 3) \\ &= (3x_2 + 2)(5x_1 - 3) \\ \Rightarrow\ &15x_1x_2 - 9x_1 + 10x_2 - 6 \\ &= 15x_1x_2 - 9x_2 + 10x_1 - 6 \\ \Rightarrow\ &-19x_1 = -19x_2 \\ \Rightarrow\ &x_1 = x_2 \end{aligned} ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 5 x 1 − 3 3 x 1 + 2 = 5 x 2 − 3 3 x 2 + 2 ( 3 x 1 + 2 ) ( 5 x 2 − 3 ) = ( 3 x 2 + 2 ) ( 5 x 1 − 3 ) 15 x 1 x 2 − 9 x 1 + 10 x 2 − 6 = 15 x 1 x 2 − 9 x 2 + 10 x 1 − 6 − 19 x 1 = − 19 x 2 x 1 = x 2
Why?
Cross-multiplying is allowed because neither denominator is 0: x 1 , x 2 ≠ 3 5 x_1, x_2 \ne \frac35 x 1 , x 2 = 5 3 .
Expand each side, one product at a time:
( 3 x 1 + 2 ) ( 5 x 2 − 3 ) = ( 3 x 1 ) ( 5 x 2 ) + ( 3 x 1 ) ( − 3 ) + ( 2 ) ( 5 x 2 ) + ( 2 ) ( − 3 ) = 15 x 1 x 2 − 9 x 1 + 10 x 2 − 6 ( 3 x 2 + 2 ) ( 5 x 1 − 3 ) = ( 3 x 2 ) ( 5 x 1 ) + ( 3 x 2 ) ( − 3 ) + ( 2 ) ( 5 x 1 ) + ( 2 ) ( − 3 ) = 15 x 1 x 2 − 9 x 2 + 10 x 1 − 6 \begin{aligned} &(3x_1 + 2)(5x_2 - 3) \\ &= (3x_1)(5x_2) + (3x_1)(-3) \\ &\quad + (2)(5x_2) + (2)(-3) \\ &= 15x_1x_2 - 9x_1 + 10x_2 - 6 \\[4pt] &(3x_2 + 2)(5x_1 - 3) \\ &= (3x_2)(5x_1) + (3x_2)(-3) \\ &\quad + (2)(5x_1) + (2)(-3) \\ &= 15x_1x_2 - 9x_2 + 10x_1 - 6 \end{aligned} ( 3 x 1 + 2 ) ( 5 x 2 − 3 ) = ( 3 x 1 ) ( 5 x 2 ) + ( 3 x 1 ) ( − 3 ) + ( 2 ) ( 5 x 2 ) + ( 2 ) ( − 3 ) = 15 x 1 x 2 − 9 x 1 + 10 x 2 − 6 ( 3 x 2 + 2 ) ( 5 x 1 − 3 ) = ( 3 x 2 ) ( 5 x 1 ) + ( 3 x 2 ) ( − 3 ) + ( 2 ) ( 5 x 1 ) + ( 2 ) ( − 3 ) = 15 x 1 x 2 − 9 x 2 + 10 x 1 − 6
After expanding, 15 x 1 x 2 15x_1x_2 15 x 1 x 2 and − 6 -6 − 6 appear on both sides and cancel. Collecting the rest:
− 9 x 1 + 10 x 2 = − 9 x 2 + 10 x 1 − 9 x 1 − 10 x 1 = − 9 x 2 − 10 x 2 − 19 x 1 = − 19 x 2 \begin{aligned} -9x_1 + 10x_2 &= -9x_2 + 10x_1 \\ -9x_1 - 10x_1 &= -9x_2 - 10x_2 \\ -19x_1 &= -19x_2 \end{aligned} − 9 x 1 + 10 x 2 − 9 x 1 − 10 x 1 − 19 x 1 = − 9 x 2 + 10 x 1 = − 9 x 2 − 10 x 2 = − 19 x 2
Divide both sides by − 19 -19 − 19 : x 1 = x 2 x_1 = x_2 x 1 = x 2 .
Hence f is one-one.
Onto: Let y ∈ R − { 3 5 } y \in R - \left\{\frac35\right\} y ∈ R − { 5 3 } (codomain). Then f ( x ) = y f(x) = y f ( x ) = y gives
Why?
To prove onto, take any y y y in the codomain and find an x x x in the domain with f ( x ) = y f(x) = y f ( x ) = y . We find it by solving f ( x ) = y f(x) = y f ( x ) = y for x x x .
3 x + 2 5 x − 3 = y ⇒ 3 x + 2 = 5 x y − 3 y ⇒ x ( 5 y − 3 ) = 3 y + 2 ⇒ x = 3 y + 2 5 y − 3 ( as y ≠ 3 5 ) \begin{aligned} &\frac{3x + 2}{5x - 3} = y \\ \Rightarrow\ &3x + 2 = 5xy - 3y \\ \Rightarrow\ &x(5y - 3) = 3y + 2 \\ \Rightarrow\ &x = \frac{3y + 2}{5y - 3}\quad(\text{as } y \ne \tfrac35) \end{aligned} ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 5 x − 3 3 x + 2 = y 3 x + 2 = 5 x y − 3 y x ( 5 y − 3 ) = 3 y + 2 x = 5 y − 3 3 y + 2 ( as y = 5 3 )
Why?
Collect the x x x -terms on one side: 5 x y − 3 x = 3 y + 2 5xy - 3x = 3y + 2 5 x y − 3 x = 3 y + 2 , then take x x x out as a common factor.
3 x + 2 = y ( 5 x − 3 ) 3 x + 2 = 5 x y − 3 y 2 + 3 y = 5 x y − 3 x 3 y + 2 = x ( 5 y − 3 ) \begin{aligned} 3x + 2 &= y(5x - 3) \\ 3x + 2 &= 5xy - 3y \\ 2 + 3y &= 5xy - 3x \\ 3y + 2 &= x(5y - 3) \end{aligned} 3 x + 2 3 x + 2 2 + 3 y 3 y + 2 = y ( 5 x − 3 ) = 5 x y − 3 y = 5 x y − 3 x = x ( 5 y − 3 )
(First multiply both sides by 5 x − 3 5x - 3 5 x − 3 . Then take 3 x 3x 3 x from both sides and add 3 y 3y 3 y to both sides.)
Dividing by 5 y − 3 5y - 3 5 y − 3 is allowed only because y ≠ 3 5 y \ne \frac35 y = 5 3 . This is why the codomain leaves out 3 5 \frac35 5 3 .
Also x ≠ 3 5 x \ne \frac35 x = 5 3 : if 3 y + 2 5 y − 3 = 3 5 \frac{3y + 2}{5y - 3} = \frac35 5 y − 3 3 y + 2 = 5 3 , then 15 y + 10 = 15 y − 9 15y + 10 = 15y - 9 15 y + 10 = 15 y − 9 , i.e. 10 = − 9 10 = -9 10 = − 9 , which is false. So x ∈ R − { 3 5 } x \in R - \left\{\frac35\right\} x ∈ R − { 5 3 } (domain).
Why?
The x x x we found must lie in the domain, which leaves out 3 5 \frac35 5 3 . Cross-multiplying 3 y + 2 5 y − 3 = 3 5 \frac{3y + 2}{5y - 3} = \frac35 5 y − 3 3 y + 2 = 5 3 gives 5 ( 3 y + 2 ) = 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) 5(3y + 2) = 3(5y - 3) 5 ( 3 y + 2 ) = 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) , and that is impossible.
5 ( 3 y + 2 ) = 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) 15 y + 10 = 15 y − 9 10 = − 9 ( take 15 y away ) \begin{aligned} 5(3y + 2) &= 3(5y - 3) \\ 15y + 10 &= 15y - 9 \\ 10 &= -9 \quad (\text{take } 15y \text{ away}) \end{aligned} 5 ( 3 y + 2 ) 15 y + 10 10 = 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) = 15 y − 9 = − 9 ( take 15 y away )
Multiplying the numerator and the denominator by 5 y − 3 5y - 3 5 y − 3 ,
f ( 3 y + 2 5 y − 3 ) = 3 ( 3 y + 2 ) + 2 ( 5 y − 3 ) 5 ( 3 y + 2 ) − 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) = 19 y 19 = y \begin{aligned} &f\left(\frac{3y + 2}{5y - 3}\right) \\ &= \frac{3(3y + 2) + 2(5y - 3)}{5(3y + 2) - 3(5y - 3)} \\ &= \frac{19y}{19} = y \end{aligned} f ( 5 y − 3 3 y + 2 ) = 5 ( 3 y + 2 ) − 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) 3 ( 3 y + 2 ) + 2 ( 5 y − 3 ) = 19 19 y = y
Why?
Put x = 3 y + 2 5 y − 3 x = \frac{3y + 2}{5y - 3} x = 5 y − 3 3 y + 2 into f ( x ) = 3 x + 2 5 x − 3 f(x) = \frac{3x + 2}{5x - 3} f ( x ) = 5 x − 3 3 x + 2 :
f ( 3 y + 2 5 y − 3 ) = 3 ⋅ 3 y + 2 5 y − 3 + 2 5 ⋅ 3 y + 2 5 y − 3 − 3 f\left(\frac{3y + 2}{5y - 3}\right) = \frac{3\cdot\frac{3y + 2}{5y - 3} + 2}{5\cdot\frac{3y + 2}{5y - 3} - 3} f ( 5 y − 3 3 y + 2 ) = 5 ⋅ 5 y − 3 3 y + 2 − 3 3 ⋅ 5 y − 3 3 y + 2 + 2
Multiply the top and the bottom by 5 y − 3 5y - 3 5 y − 3 . Each fraction loses its denominator, and the lone 2 and 3 become 2 ( 5 y − 3 ) 2(5y - 3) 2 ( 5 y − 3 ) and 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) 3(5y - 3) 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) .
Expanding:
3 ( 3 y + 2 ) + 2 ( 5 y − 3 ) = 9 y + 6 + 10 y − 6 = 19 y + 0 = 19 y 5 ( 3 y + 2 ) − 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) = 15 y + 10 − 15 y + 9 = 0 + 19 = 19 \begin{aligned} &3(3y + 2) + 2(5y - 3) \\ &= 9y + 6 + 10y - 6 \\ &= 19y + 0 = 19y \\[4pt] &5(3y + 2) - 3(5y - 3) \\ &= 15y + 10 - 15y + 9 \\ &= 0 + 19 = 19 \end{aligned} 3 ( 3 y + 2 ) + 2 ( 5 y − 3 ) = 9 y + 6 + 10 y − 6 = 19 y + 0 = 19 y 5 ( 3 y + 2 ) − 3 ( 5 y − 3 ) = 15 y + 10 − 15 y + 9 = 0 + 19 = 19
So the value is 19 y 19 = y \frac{19y}{19} = y 19 19 y = y .
Watch out: − 3 ( − 3 ) = + 9 -3(-3) = +9 − 3 ( − 3 ) = + 9 in the denominator.
So for every y y y in the codomain there is x x x in the domain with f ( x ) = y f(x) = y f ( x ) = y . Hence f is onto.
∴ \therefore ∴ f is one-one and onto.